Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation

Review

The present and future of robotic technology in rehabilitation

Laut J, Porfiri M & Raghavan P.

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep Nov 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s40101-016-0139-0

Link to abstract: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40141-016-0139-0>

Robot-assisted rehabilitation can contribute to conventional therapy by delivering consistent training and by benchmarking and monitoring progress. Robots can offer efficiencies in time and over distance. They may act passively or actively, and may be “end-effector robots” which act through an handle that is gripped or provide an exo-skeleton that mimics the movements of the limb. Robot-assisted rehabilitation can function remotely through telerehabilitation, reaching clients in their homes.

Robot therapies leverage entertainment software to provide motivation and engagement with an aim to boost compliance with interventions, and, through distance technologies, may offer efficiencies to the therapist. Equipment costs and the need for therapist-friendly software that targets rehabilitation intervention goals remain challenges to wider adoption.

Add a Sensor = + Data

Pilot study

Kinecting the Moves: The kinematic potential of rehabilitation-specific gaming to inform treatment for hemiplegia

Glegg SMN, Hung CT, Valdés BA, Kim BDG, & Van der Loos HFM

International journal of child health and human development 9(3):351-360 · September 2016

Link to abstract: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309737850_Kinecting_the_Moves_The_kinematic_potential_of_rehabilitation-specific_gaming_to_inform_treatment_for_hemiplegia

Objective: For upper extremity rehabilitation candidates, can the development of data capture and analysis systems contribute to better rehabilitation game treatment decisions?

Process: to use video games with an additional data collector (Kinect sensor) to promote bimanual therapy, improve data collection and identify therapist-relevant data. Three subjects completed a 90 minute session of game play.

Findings: “With the integration of the Kinect sensor, motion tracking data can be harvested to inform treatment program development and progression by therapists”. This paper supplements the groundwork for further rehabilitation-specific videogame development.

Getting to know VR: Using a Knowledge Translation tool for therapists

A knowledge translation intervention to enhance clinical application of a virtual reality system in stroke rehabilitation

Single Group

Levac D, Glegg SMN, Sveistrup H, Colquhoun H, Miller PA, Finestone H, DePaul V, Harris JA & Velikonja D

BMC Health Serv Res. 2016; 16: 557. Published online 2016 Oct 6. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1807-6

Full text: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5052802/

Objective: In a sample of therapists, does a Knowledge Translation (KT) tool result in pre- to post-intervention improvements in VR technology adoption?

Process: Therapists were rated on the ADOPT-VR tool (Assessing Determinants of Prospective Takeup - Virtual Reality) before and after the KT intervention which included interactive e-learning modules, hands-on workshops and experiential learning practice sessions.

Outcomes: Pre- to post-intervention changes included improvement in therapists’ sense of agency and in increased facilitating conditions. Therapist knowledge and skills for using VR also increased. Barriers to use, intention to use and actual use did not change with the KT intervention for using VR. Low perceived usability of the VR system and some IREX-specific problems represented barriers, too.

Veridicality: Blending the Virtual with the Reality in Autism Research

Authenticity in Virtual Reality for assessment and intervention in Autism: A conceptual review

Literature Review

Parsons, S

Educational Research Review 19: (2016) 138 - 157

Link to abstract http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399407/

A challenge of behavioural research is how to create experimental, laboratory settings that relate to real world experiences. Virtual reality has the capability to provide a blend of experimental control and realistic scenarios; a characteristic is called veridicality.

This literature review looks at the way virtual reality veridicality is used to find the different factors affecting the social interactions of people with autism. The review findings fall into two main categories. Veridicality is a way of blending synthetic and realistic social scenarios to provide learning and a way that transfers knowledge and skills to the real world. It can also be a way of providing authentic but controlled social settings where responses can be assessed to help understand the autism difference.

Autism research in virtual reality will at best be made up using the best ideas of researchers, influenced by the perspective of people with autism spectrum disorder and leveraging the capabilities of veridicality.

Amadeo robot for kids rehab

Hand Robotic Therapy in Children with Hemiparesis

Pilot Study

Bishop L, Gordon AM & Kim H

American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;00,00-00

DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000537

Objective: In a sample of children with hemiparetic upper extremity cerebral palsy, is the Amadeo Hand Robot System feasible for retraining grasp and release?
Amadeo Hand Robot System

Link to abstract: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386804

Method: 12 participants, 6 – 17 years old with upper extremity hemiparesis were measured initially, after a 6 week pre-intervention stage and following 6 weeks of three- hour long sessions. The Assisting Hand Assessment was chosen as the primary measure.

Findings: Participants tolerated the Amadeo, and the Assisting Hand Assessment showed significant change pre- to post-test. The Jebson-Taylor Test of Hand Function, the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer and the Quality of Upper Skills Test all revealed non-significant positive change; and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory showed no change.

Freely motivated game play

Single group

Using Free Internet Videogames in Upper Extremity Motor Training for Children with Cerebral Palsy

Servik M, Eklund E, Mensch A, Forman M, Standeven J & Engsberg J

Behavioral Sciences, 2016 6:10

DOI: 10:3390/bs6020010

Link to abstract: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27338485

Objectives: Motion-based virtual reality rehabilitation can be an engaging and motivating form of therapy. “Tedium and lack of motivation are substantial barriers to performance improvements.” In children with cerebral palsy, is using free internet games feasible and motivating enough to encourage participation in movement therapy and increase function?

Process: Four 8-to-17 year old children with mild to moderate upper extremity limitations played 26 games over 12 weeks. The games were freely accessed internet games adapted for the Kinect controller with free Flexible Action and Articulated Skeleton Toolkit (FAAST) software. “Internet games eliminate the high cost of game development, permit games to be paired with an individual’s interests and allow for changing of games to maintain novelty. Matching the interest of the child makes the therapy increasingly client-centered and motivating.”

Outcomes:All children “progressed through the pre-set 12 week plan”, thus demonstrating feasibility. Children averaged nearly 900 repetitions per training session, and 2 of the participants showed improved range of motion.
The participants demonstrated motivation with an aggregated score of 46 of 49 possible points on the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI).

Rating game play

Single group

Development and Reliability Evaluation of the Movement Rating Instrument for Virtual Reality Video Game Play

Levac D, Nawrotek J, Deschenes E, Giguere T, Serafin J, Bilodeau M & Sveistrup H

JMIR Serious Games 2016;4(1):e9
URL: http://games.jmir.org/2016/1/e9/
doi:10.2196/games.5528
PMID:27251029

Objective: to "develop and evaluate the feasibility and reliability" of a measure for separating and quantifying the movements children make during VR therapy. The Movement Rating Instrument for Virtual Reality Video Game Play (MRI-VRGP) was applied to IREX and Kinect game systems.

Process: Movements were parsed into items and after several iterations, the selected items were trialled. Reviewers watched videotapes of subjects to rate upper extremity movements (unilateral or bilateral; close or far) and lower extremity movements within or without the base of support. They rated the activities as movements on a spectrum of easy to difficult and rated their confidence in making the rating.

Outcome: Within-rater reliability was higher (good) than inter-rater reliability (moderate). Finer movements were harder to rate consistently within therapists. Inter-rater reliability varied widely, and upper extremity fine (close) movements were rated less consistently.
More "item definition clarification and further psychometric property evaluation" will allow therapists to sort VR games by the type and frequency of their body movements.